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Counterintelligence state (sometimes also called intelligence state, securocracy or spookocracy) is a state where state security service penetrates and permeates all societal institutions including the military.〔John J. Dziak ''Chekisty: A History of the KGB'' (Lexington Books, D. C. Heath and Company, 125 Spring Street, Lexington, Mass.), with a foreword by Robert Conquest, pages 1-2.〕〔(Chekisty: A History of the KGB. - book reviews ), National Review, March 4, 1988 by Chilton Williamson, Jr.〕〔Richard H. Shultz, ''The Secret War Against Hanoi: The Untold Story of Spies, Saboteurs, and Covert Warriors in North Vietnam, - Page 356〕〔Michael Waller ''Secret Empire: The KGB in Russia Today.'', Westview Press. Boulder, CO., 1994., ISBN 0-8133-2323-1, pages 13-15.〕〔( Overthrowing Saddam. How he rules. ), By James S. Robbins, a national-security analyst & NRO contributor, National Review, February 18, 2002〕〔(How New Are the New Communists? Oleksy Colloquium Reflects on the Legacy of the KGB ) by Dr. Michael Szporer〕〔(We must not cave in to the spookocracy in the Kremlin ), by Martin Ivens, Sunday Times, January 20, 2008〕 The term has been applied by historians and political commentators to the Soviet Union, the former German Democratic Republic, Iraq under Saddam Hussein, and modern Russia under Vladimir Putin. According to a definition, "The counterintelligence state is characterized by the presence of a large, elite force acting as a watchdog of a security defined as broadly that the state must maintain an enormous vigilance and enforcement apparatus... This apparatus is not accountable to the public and enjoys immense police powers... Whether the civilian government is able to control the security bodies is an open question; indeed ''the civilian government is so penetrated by the apparatus that there is no clear distinction between the two.''"〔 ==Soviet Union== There was a massive security apparatus in the Soviet Union to prevent any opposition, and "every facet of daily life fell into the KGB's domain."〔 Undercover staff of the KGB included three major categories: :(a) the active reserve; :(b) the "trusted contacts" (or "reliable people"), and :(c) "civilian informers" (or "secret helpers"). The "active reserve" included KGB officers with a military rank who worked undercover. "Trusted contacts" were high placed civilians who collaborated with the KGB without signing any official working agreements, such as directors of personnel departments at various institutions, academics, deans, or writers and actors.〔Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. ''The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia—Past, Present, and Future.'' 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, pages 56-57〕 Informers were citizens secretly recruited by the KGB, sometimes using forceful recruitment methods, such as blackmail. The precise number of people from various categories remains unknown, but one of the estimates was 11 million "informers" in the Soviet Union, or one out of every eighteen adult citizens.〔Robert W. Pringle. ''Andropov's Counterintelligence State'', Int. J. of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 13:2, 193–203, page 196, 2000〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Counterintelligence state」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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